San Marino was founded in 301 AD, making it the world's oldest surviving republic at over 1,700 years old. Perched atop Monte Titano in the heart of Italy, this microstate has maintained its independence for over 17 centuries.
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You'll explore the Three Towers of San Marino, the unique dual head-of-state system with two Captains Regent, why Napoleon offered territory that was declined, the role of philately and numismatics in the economy, and how a country smaller than many cities has survived centuries of European upheaval.
Yes, San Marino is an enclave entirely surrounded by Italy, located in the northeastern part of the Italian Peninsula near the Adriatic coast.
San Marino's mountainous terrain and strategic alliances helped it avoid absorption during Italy's unification, and its independence was formally recognized by Napoleon in 1797 and later by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
The Three Towers are Guaita (the oldest, built in the 11th century), Cesta (also called Fratta, now a weapons museum), and Montale (the smallest, which is privately owned and not open to the public).
Last updated: April 2026